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翻訳と辞書　辞書検索 [ 開発暫定版 ] スポンサード リンク Chinese skepticism of democracy ： ウィキペディア英語版 Chinese skepticism of democracy Starting in the mid-eighteenth century, Chinese scholars and politicians debated at length on the matter of how to deal with the ever-encroaching Western culture. Though Chinese Confucians were initially opposed to Western modes of thinking, it became clear that aspects of the West were appealing. Industrialization gave the West an economic and military advantage. The devastating defeats of the First and Second Opium Wars compelled a segment of Chinese politicians and intellectuals to rethink their notion of cultural and political superiority.〔Ham, Chae-bong. "The Ironies of Confucianism." Journal of Democracy 15.3 (2004): 93-107. Project MUSE. Web. 1 May 2012.〕 Democracy entered the Chinese consciousness because it was the government of the West, potentially responsible for its industrial, economic and military advancements. A segment of Chinese scholars and politicians became persuaded that democratization and industrialization were imperative for a competitive China. In response, a number of scholars resisted the idea, saying democracy and Westernization had no place in traditional Chinese culture. What most agreed upon was Liang Shuming's opinion that democracy and traditional Chinese society were completely incompatible, and China’s only choice was either wholesale Westernization or complete rejection of the West.〔Alitto, Guy. "Eastern and Western Cultures." ''The Last Confucian: Liang Shu-ming and the Chinese Dilemma of Modernity''. Berkeley: University of California, 1979. 85.〕 The debate centered on the philosophical compatibility of traditional Chinese Confucian beliefs and the technologies of the West.〔Yu, Keping. Democracy Is a Good Thing: Essays on Politics, Society, and Culture in Contemporary China. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 2009. 115–17. Print.〕 ==Optimism versus pessimism== At a fundamental philosophical level, Confucian tradition is contingent upon an idea articulated by Thomas Metzger as epistemological optimism. This expresses the belief that it is possible to understand the essence of high morality and design policies and laws that reflect that knowledge. Confucian society seeks to carry out all daily tasks and rituals in pursuit of fulfilling that universal morality. The modern conception of liberal democracy is grounded in the opposing principle of ideological pessimism. This denies that such knowledge is possible, thus the theory and practice of liberal democracy does not make rules in the pursuit of high morality.〔Metzger, Thomas A. A Cloud across the Pacific. Hong Kong: Chinese UP, 2005. 21. Print.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Chinese skepticism of democracy」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク 翻訳と辞書 : 翻訳のためのインターネットリソース Copyright(C) kotoba.ne.jp 1997-2016. All Rights Reserved.